Conformational risk factors of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in pugs, french bulldogs, and bulldogs

excerpt from the Introduction...

"BOAS is a serious welfare issue [7, 8]. The average lifespan of brachycephalic breeds is reduced by approximately three years when compared to that of mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic breeds of similar body size [9±12], with much of this difference likely due to BOAS and its syndromic effects. The problems caused by BOAS have been compounded by the increased popularity of the three extreme brachycephalic breeds named above over the last two decades in the UK and elsewhere. Moreover, the drivers that may  have caused the increasing numbers of these dogs, such as celebrity endorsement and widespread adoption by advertisers, remain in place. All three breeds are now amongst the top ten breeds in popularity
in the UK [13]."

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